The Basic Elements of Ancient Religions free essay sample

So as to effectively, and all the more significantly, precisely talk about the essential components of antiquated religions, one needs to disentangle the unpredictable word that is â€Å"religion†. Before I continue, the peruser must comprehend that over history, there have been a wide range of interpretations of religion, however strikingly enough, in spite of the fact that they might be extraordinary, most of the interpretations convey a similar essential message. As per numerous strict researchers over the numerous centuries of recorded strict history, the historical underpinnings of the term â€Å"religion† is authorize as being Latin or Late Latin in starting point (â€Å"religonem†, or â€Å"relegare† relying upon which way of thinking you originate from), with the cutting edge English term being gotten from the Anglo-French word â€Å"religiun† meaning â€Å"state of life, bound to religious vows† or â€Å"conduct showing a faith in a heavenly power†. In any case, many post-Classic etymologists (and some advanced ones) have associated â€Å"religion† with the Latin word â€Å"religare† which implies â€Å"to tie fast† or â€Å"to reconnect†. We will compose a custom article test on The Basic Elements of Ancient Religions or on the other hand any comparative subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This clarification may appear to be unimportant for this theme, however I feel it is a urgent piece of the history that is â€Å"religion† and hence is vital to the components that make up â€Å"religion†. In the event that one looks further into the ancient mind of soonest man, one finds that the most punctual types of religion are an aftereffect of the accompanying of man’s essential social and mental needs: †¢Understanding †the human attributes of basic limit, interest, and instinct †¢Identity †the need to have a place with something and the rise of one’s confidence The principal fundamental component of religion is the conviction that there are extraordinary or potentially superhuman creatures and additionally powers that made the world and those powers control everything that occurs inside the world. This â€Å"belief† fulfills the human being’s requirement for comprehension †the comprehension of his own reality, the comprehension of the making of himself and the world he lives in and the comprehension of the wild occasions that occur in this world. The second essential component of religion is the representative structure followed by the various religions. Again this component connects to one of mankind’s major needs †the need of character. Various religions embraced images and signs as indicated by the god, god or numen that they trusted in. As indicated by the Wikipedia reference book, an image is characterized as the accompanying: â€Å"A image is something, for example, an item, picture, composed word, a sound, a bit of music, or specific imprint that speaks to (or represents) something different by affiliation, likeness, or show, particularly a material article used to speak to something undetectable. In this way, one can find from the above definition, that the first â€Å"religious pioneers or believers† acquainted images explicit with their god, god or numen, for the accompanying purposes: †¢To speak to the said divinity, god or numen †¢To partner its supporters †¢To speak to the god, god or numen †¢To speak to what esteems the said religion, as well as god, god or numen, represented Examples of these can be found through history and some simple images can be found in ancient times. A case of this is the disclosure by partner educator Shelia Coulson (University of Oslo). In the late spring of 2006, Coulson alongside some Master’s understudies, were doing an investigation into the source of the Sanpeople among the Tsodilo Hills in Ngamiland, Botswana, when they went over the surprising revelation. Among the â€Å"sacred† slopes, there was a stone cut looking like a python’s head just as a custom cavern. The significance of this find for the archeological researchers was that the python rock, the custom cavern, and different curios found in the cavern had been logically demonstrated to associate with 70 000 years of age. This was stunning in light of the fact that current chronicled thought was that religion just existed around 40 000 years back. Consequently, as demonstrated by the previously mentioned model, even at the soonest start of religion, images were being made and utilized. These images, through the time of history, have developed since our old progenitors began utilizing them, however the standards behind strict images are the very same now as they were a large number of years back.

Quantitative Business Methods Forecasting Models

Question: Portray about the Quantitative Business Methods for Forecasting Models. Answer: Section (a) The anticipating models present , helps in examining the future patterns in which a specific division may demonstrate the pattern of its future possibility to be followed (Anderson, et al., 2013). For encircling the proficient determining strategy for the media communications contraption and PC division , the model that ought to be utilized so as to accomplish an effective estimate, is the moving normal technique. Moving Average Method as expressed by Ali, et al., (2015), in view of a given arrangement and number arrangements of a past information separated from the companys wellspring of information gave, moving normal can be led. This is a measurable device that examinations the normal information dependent on the interims. On playing out the predetermined recipe, the example of the past pattern and occasions of an association can be accomplished. This past pattern or example, is useful in deciding the future possibilities of the association. It is expected that a companys future patterns follows the past patterns that has been followed. Consequently, with the utilization of moving normal techniques, we can infer gauge for the media transmission contraption and PC division, that would show how the future pattern and example of the business would be in the year 2017. Part (b) Moving normal is determined dependent on the source got from the information accommodated the retail deals list of the broadcast communications contraption and PC division. As expressed by Guo, et al., (2013), retail deals record examinations the transient patterns and changes that has happened in the utilization structure of a specific market individual area. In this examination , the retail deals file of the media transmission and the PC part has been investigated for from January , 2013 to June , 2016. The retail deals list of these years with the base list of the year 2014, appears, how the progressions has been found in the utilization example of the individuals for the alluded segment. So as to figure the future pattern of utilization made as for the media transmission mechanical assembly and PC division, the factual examination of moving normal has been resolved , with the interim of a half year. The moving normal outcomes have helped us to break down the present pattern that has tricked in the retail deals list of the business for as far back as 4 years. As indicated by Huarng, Yu, (2014), Moving Average (Ft) = (total of real qualities in past n periods)/n = (Y t-1 + Y t-2 + ..... + Y t-n)/n Figure 1 shows the moving normal outcomes that has been inferred by leading the procedure. Figure 1 : Trend Of The Moving Average (Source : As Created By The Author) In figure 2, the first retail deals list and the moving normal record with the interim of a half year has been examined ,where we perceive how these two line are plotted against a similar timespan. The blue line demonstrates the first retail deals list of the media transmission mechanical assembly and the PC part, though, the red lines shows the moving normal at an interim of a half year. A purple specked line has been utilized to show the pattern in which these two lines move. This aides in foreseeing the future pattern of utilization conjecture in the media transmission and the PC area. Figure 2 : Retail Sales Index, Moving Average And Forecast For Telecommunication Apparatus And Computer Sector (Source : As Created By The Author) Part (c) With the assistance of figure 2, it tends to be seen that a descending slanting pattern line in accomplished with the assistance of the guaging model , moving normal utilized. This pattern line shows that there is most likely a fall later on retail deals file, which demonstrates that similarly to the base year 2014, there would be a fall in utilization example of the broadcast communications mechanical assembly and the PC area in the year 2017. With the assistance of this example, the administration gathering of this industry has been equipped for accomplishing a clear perspective on the future projection way. Henceforth, so as to retouch the example, the administration gathering of the organization must raise their innovative instruments to be actualized in the creation procedure, raise the network and utilize proficient savvy techniques for creation so as to bring down their expense of creation (Li, et al., 2013). Minimal effort of creation would empower the individuals to offer the support to the clients at much lower rate. Subsequently, this would influence the interest of the segment emphatically. A positive raise in the deals of the area would help in accomplishing an example not the same as the pattern line. Accomplishing an unexpected development of the media transmission part is preposterous, yet with the execution of strategical plans , this could be accomplished inside a range of two years. Reference Ali, A., Wang, Y., Li, W., He, X. (2015, December). Execution of basic moving voltage normal procedure with direct control steady conductance technique to improve the productivity of DC microgrid. InEmerging Technologies (ICET), 2015 International Conference on(pp. 1-5). IEEE. Anderson, E., Malin, B. A., Nakamura, E., Simester, D., Steinsson, J. (2013).Informational rigidities and the tenacity of impermanent sales(No. w19350). National Bureau of Economic Research. Guo, Z. X., Wong, W. K., Li, M. (2013). A multivariate wise dynamic model for retail deals forecasting.Decision Support Systems,55(1), 247-255. Huarng, K. H., Yu, T. H. K. (2014). Another quantile relapse guaging model.Journal of Business Research,67(5), 779-784. Li, H. Z., Guo, S., Li, C. J., Sun, J. Q. (2013). A mixture yearly force load guaging model dependent on summed up relapse neural system with organic product fly enhancement algorithm.Knowledge-Based Systems,37, 378-387.

Sample on The Guilty Mind

Sample on The Guilty Mind The Guilty Mind Mar 26, 2018 in Law The Guilty Mind in the Legal System Mens rea is a Latin word used to refer to the guilty mind. In the legal system, the term is deemed as an important aspect of crime (Hall, 2008). It is used to mean the mental aspect of crime that goes with the actus reus. Studies indicate that in some cases, actus reus and mens rea have been used interchangeably. For instance, in Australia, the aspects of federal crimes are selected as mental or fault elements (mens rea) or external or physical aspects (actus reus). Mens rea varies with the crime committed. For instance in a murder case, the mental aspects necessitate that the accused acted out of malice, and the proof is required. For arson, the intent should result to a prohibited act. This means that with mens rea, the law does not take into consideration the motive of the crime. No crime can term one as guilty, if their state of mind is not guilty. This means that, for a defendant to be charged, the crime must comprise of mens rea to some level (Hall, 2008). It is therefore true to state that, no criminal liability is attached to an individual who acted without the fault of the mind.

Lin, 2009 Critical Analysis - 1156 Words

â€Å"Critically evaluate Lin, 2009. Is it true that an international student must learn a new way of thinking and writing when they come to study in a UK-type academic environment?† INTRODUCTION Nowadays, there is a lot of scientist and professional who want to learn English to benefit from its leading position of power in modern research and economy. Linn (2009) mentioned that he agree with what Schneider Fujishima (1995) say about academic writing in English particularly after its long history of development. The strength reputation of the British education system has brought a lot of international students to study in the UK. Writing in an effective way is one of the important skills that students need to learn. Languages are affected†¦show more content†¦A lot of academic readers may agree with him because writing in short paragraph will make reading easier. III-Non-Metaphorical Usage: almost all languages use metaphors to explain meaning. Trujillo Seaz(2003), cited in Linn(2009) claimed that it might be used in high levels in the UK media and the American business communication. On the other hand, academic writers try not to use metaphors that much in their published academic papers. According to Linn(2009) the Oriental, Semitic and Romance/Russian do not make that difference in academic writing. People may argue that probably it is better to make the published paper as easy as they could, so it will be understandable for the majority of the readers. Others could argue that maybe the paper was not published for the public to read or to understand it was published for professional academic readers. Sondek’s research (2008), cited in Linn(2009), which looked at the writing style of PhD students from a different countries. All students wrote a 400 words essay about â€Å"What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of higher education and to what extent have you benefited from higher education?† Linn(2009),â€Å"Sondek’s(2008) hypothesis was that on the measures used to evaluate rhetorical styleShow MoreRelatedThe Impact Of Information Technology On Scm862 Words   |  4 Pagesvariance. This section will provide analysis of 25 articles that were coded in order to identify impacts that different technologies have on SCM, draw a cost benefit analysis for implementation , and explore various modules that get affected within SCM. 4.2.1 RQ1 .What impacts does information technology systems have on SCM strategies? 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The Romantic Works Of John Keats, Percy Shelley, And...

The romantic period, lasting from the late 18th to the early 19th century, followed the Age of Reason. During this time people had an individualized, free, liberal, and imaginative attitude towards life. Literature itself was full of introspection, emotion, passion, sublimity, beauty, and spontaneity, with subjects such as humankind, the soul, flowers, the common people and more. Of all of the Romantic values and subjects, the beauty, creativity, and morals of nature is what truly inspired human imagination, and thus literature of the eighteenth and early nineteenth century. The underlying theme of nature that is persistent through romantic poetry creates a bond between the poet and the common man through short poems that express personal emotion that all can feel, as we all are connected to nature. This can be seen through the works of John Keats, Percy Shelley, and William Blake. Percy Shelley was a joyful and optimistic Romantic poet of the time who was concerned with the beauty a nd passions of nature, creativity, and imagination. Nature is an ever present theme in his poetry as he feels closely connected to nature’s power. Ode to the West Wind is one of his most notable poems, and one that truly exemplifies the idea of expressing personal emotion and feeling by using metaphors from nature. He uses the west wind to symbolize the power of nature and the imagination that was thus inspired by nature. It was almost even an agent for change. In the poem, the wild West windShow MoreRelatedThe Renaissance And Romanticism During The 19th Century1245 Words   |  5 Pageslearning during the Renaissance, because of the invention of the printing press and the return of classical Greek and Roman literature. The Romantic period occurred during the late eighteenth century, as a response to the Enlightenment. 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Romanticism was the â€Å"reaction against artistic styles of classical antiquity, which was neoclassicism.† Neoclassicists focused on the power of reasoning to discover the truth while Romantics focused on the hope to transform the world through the power of imagination. They had a deep love for nature (Furst 302). The aspects of romanticism are important; they are the beliefs of this period. The first aspect includes nature, which allowsRead MoreEssay about Romanticism1678 Words   |  7 PagesRomanticism, Romanticism, in a way, was a reaction against rigid Classicism, Rationalism, and Deism of the eighteenth century. Strongest in application between 1800 and 1850, the Romantic Movement differed from country to country and from romanticist to romanticist. Because it emphasized change it was an atmosphere in which events occurred and came to affect not only the way humans thought and expressed them, but also the way they lived socially and politically (Abrams, M.H. 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Fool Chapter 1 Free Essays

THE STAGE The stage is a more or less mythical thirteenth-century Britain, with vestiges of British culture reaching back to pre-Roman times still loitering about. Britain encompasses what is now modern Great Britain, including England, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland, of which Lear is king. Generally, if not otherwise explained, conditions may be considered damp. We will write a custom essay sample on Fool Chapter 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now ACT I When we are born, we cry that we are come To this great stage of fools. – King Lear, Act IV, Scene 5 ONE ALWAYS A BLOODY GHOST â€Å"Tosser!† cried the raven. There’s always a bloody raven. â€Å"Foolish teachin’ him to talk, if you ask me,† said the sentry. â€Å"I’m duty-bound foolish, yeoman,† said I. I am, you know? A fool. Fool to the court of Lear of Britain. â€Å"And you are a tosser,[1]† I said. â€Å"Piss off!† said the raven. The yeoman took a swipe at the bird with his spear and the great black bird swooped off the wall and went cawing out over the Thames. A ferryman looked up from his boat, saw us on the tower, and waved. I jumped onto the wall and bowed – at your fucking service, thank you. The yeoman grumbled and spat after the raven. There have always been ravens at the White Tower. A thousand years ago, before George II, idiot king of Merica, destroyed the world, there were ravens here. The legend says that as long as there are ravens at the Tower, England will stand strong. Still, it may have been a mistake to teach one to talk. â€Å"The Earl of Gloucester approaches!† cried a sentry on the west wall. â€Å"With his son Edgar and the bastard Edmund!† The yeoman by me grinned. â€Å"Gloucester, eh? Be sure you do that bit where you play a goat and Drool plays the earl mistaking you for his wife.† â€Å"That would be unkind,† said I. â€Å"The earl is newly widowed.† â€Å"You did it the last time he was here and she was still warm in the grave.† â€Å"Well, yes. A service that – trying to shock the poor wretch out of his grief, wasn’t it?† â€Å"Good show, too. The way you was bleatin’ I thought ol’ Drool was givin’ it to you right proper up the bung.† I made a note to shove the guard off the wall when opportunity presented. â€Å"Heard he was going to have you assassinated, but he couldn’t make a case to the king.† â€Å"Gloucester’s a noble, he doesn’t need a case for murder, just a whim and a blade.† â€Å"Not bloody likely,† the yeoman said, â€Å"everyone knows the king’s got a wing o’er you.† That was true. I enjoy a certain license. â€Å"Have you seen Drool? With Gloucester here, there’ll be a command performance.† My apprentice, Drool – a beef-witted bloke the size of a draught horse. â€Å"He was in the kitchen before the watch,† said the yeoman. The kitchen buzzed – the staff preparing for a feast. â€Å"Have you seen Drool?† I asked Taster, who sat at the table staring sadly at a bread trencher[2] laid out with cold pork, the king’s dinner. He was a thin, sickly lad, chosen, no doubt, for his weakness of constitution, and a predisposition toward dropping dead at the slightest provocation. I liked to tell him my troubles, sure that they would not travel far. â€Å"Does this look poisoned to you?† â€Å"It’s pork, lad. Lovely. Eat up. Half the men in England would give a testicle to feast thus, and it only mid-day. I’m tempted myself.† I tossed my head – gave him a grin and a bit of a jingle on the ol’ hat bells to cheer him. I pantomimed stealing a bit of his pork. â€Å"After you, of course.† A knife thumped into the table by my hand. â€Å"Back, Fool,† said Bubble, the head cook. â€Å"That’s the king’s lunch and I’ll have your balls before I’ll let you at it.† â€Å"My balls are yours for the asking, milady,† said I. â€Å"Would you have them on a trencher, or shall I serve them in a bowl of cream, like peaches?† Bubble harrumphed, yanked her knife from the table and went back to gutting a trout at the butcher block, her great bottom rolling like thunderclouds under her skirt as she moved. â€Å"You’re a wicked little man, Pocket,† said Squeak, waves of freckles riding o’er her shy smile. She was second to the cook, a sturdy, ginger-haired girl with a high giggle and a generous spirit in the dark. Taster and I often passed pleasant afternoons at the table watching her wring the necks of chickens. Pocket is my name, by the way. Given to me by the abbess who found me on the nunnery doorstep when I was a tiny babe. True, I am not a large fellow. Some might even say I am diminutive, but I am quick as a cat and nature has compensated me with other gifts. But wicked? â€Å"I think Drool was headed to the princess’s chambers,† Squeak said. â€Å"Aye,† said Taster, glumly. â€Å"The lady sent for a cure for melancholy.† â€Å"And the git went?† Jest on his own? The boy wasn’t ready. What if he blundered, tripped, fell on the princess like a millstone on a butterfly? â€Å"Are you sure?† Bubble dropped a gutless trout into a bushel of slippery cofishes.[3] â€Å"Chanting, ‘Off to do ma duty,’ he was. We told him you’d be looking for him when we heard Princess Goneril and the Duke of Albany was coming.† â€Å"Albany’s coming?† â€Å"Ain’t he sworn to string your entrails from the chandelier?† asked Taster. â€Å"No,† corrected Squeak. â€Å"That was Duke of Cornwall. Albany was going to have his head on a pike, I believe. Pike, wasn’t it, Bubble?† â€Å"Aye, have his head on a pike. Funny thing, thinkin’ about it, you’d look like a bigger version of your puppet-stick there.† â€Å"Jones,† said Taster, pointing to my jester’s scepter, Jones, who is, indeed, a smaller version of my own handsome countenance, fixed atop a sturdy handle of polished hickory. Jones speaks for me when even my tongue needs to exceed safe license with knights and nobles, his head pre-piked for the wrath of the dull and humorless. My finest art is oft lost in the eye of the subject. â€Å"Yes, that would be right hilarious, Bubble – ironic imagery – like the lovely Squeak turning you on a spit over a fire, an apple up both your ends for color – although I daresay the whole castle might conflagrate in the resulting grease fire, but until then we’d laugh and laugh.† I dodged a well-flung trout then, and paid Bubble a grin for not throwing her knife instead. Fine woman, she, despite being large and quick to anger. â€Å"Well, I’ve a great drooling dolt to find if we are to prepare an entertainment for the evening.† Cordelia’s chambers lay in the North Tower; the quickest way there was atop the outer wall. As I crossed over the great main gatehouse, a young spot-faced yeoman called, â€Å"Hail, Earl of Gloucester!† Below, the greybeard Gloucester and his retinue were crossing the drawbridge. â€Å"Hail, Edmund, you bloody bastard!† I called over the wall. The yeoman tapped me on the shoulder. â€Å"Beggin’ your pardon, sirrah,[4] but I’m told that Edmund is sensitive about his bastardy.† â€Å"Aye, yeoman,† said I. â€Å"No need for prodding and jibe to divine that prick’s tender spot, he wears it on his sleeve.† I jumped on the wall and waved Jones at the bastard, who was trying to wrench a bow and quiver from a knight who rode beside him. â€Å"You whoreson scalawag!† said I. â€Å"You flesh-turd dropped stinking from the poxy arsehole of a hare-lipped harlot!† The Earl of Gloucester glowered up at me as he passed under the portcullis.[5] â€Å"Shot to the heart, that one,† said the yeoman. â€Å"Too harsh, then, you reckon?† â€Å"A bit.† â€Å"Sorry. Excellent hat, though, bastard,† I called, by way of making amends. Edgar and two knights were trying to restrain the bastard Edmund below. I jumped down from the wall. â€Å"Haven’t seen Drool, have you?† â€Å"In the great hall this morning,† said the yeoman. â€Å"Not since.† A call came around the top of the wall, passing from yeoman to yeoman until we heard, â€Å"The Duke of Cornwall and Princess Regan approach from the south.† â€Å"Fuckstockings!† Cornwall: polished greed and pure born villainy; he’d dirk[6] a nun for a farthing,[7] and short the coin, for the fun. â€Å"Don’t worry, little one, the king’ll keep your hide whole.† â€Å"Aye, yeoman, he will, and if you call me little one in company, the king’ll have you walking watch on the frozen moat all winter.† â€Å"Sorry, Sir Jester, sir,† said the yeoman. He slouched then as not to seem so irritatingly tall. â€Å"Heard that tasty Princess Regan’s a right bunny cunny, eh?† He leaned down to elbow me in the ribs, now that we were best mates and all. â€Å"You’re new, aren’t you?† â€Å"Just two months in service.† â€Å"Advice, then, young yeoman: When referring to the king’s middle daughter, state that she is fair, speculate that she is pious, but unless you’d like to spend your watch looking for the box where your head is kept, resist the urge to wax ignorant on her naughty bits.† â€Å"I don’t know what that means, sir.† â€Å"Speak not of Regan’s shaggacity, son. Cornwall has taken the eyes of men who have but looked upon the princess with but the spark of lust.† â€Å"The fiend! I didn’t know, sir. I’ll say nothing.† â€Å"And neither shall I, good yeoman. Neither shall I.† And thus are alliances made, loyalties cemented. Pocket makes a friend. The boy was right about Regan, of course. And why I hadn’t thought to call her bunny cunny myself, when I of all people should know – well, as an artist, I must admit, I was envious of the invention. Cordelia’s private solar[8] lay at the top of a narrow spiral staircase lit only with the crosses of arrow loops. I could hear giggling as I topped the stairs. â€Å"So I am of no worth if not on the arm and in the bed of some buffoon in a codpiece?† I heard Cordelia say. â€Å"You called,† said I, stepping into the room, codpiece in hand. The ladies-in-waiting giggled. Young Lady Jane, who is but thirteen, shrieked at my presence – disturbed, no doubt, by my overt manliness, or perhaps by the gentle clouting on the bottom she received from Jones. â€Å"Pocket!† Cordelia sat at the center of the circle of girls – holding court, as such – her hair down, blond curls to her waist, a simple gown of lavender linen, loosely laced. She stood and approached me. â€Å"You honor us, Fool. Did you hear rumors of small animals to hurt, or were you hoping to accidentally surprise me in my bath again?† I tipped my hat, a slight, contrite jingle there. â€Å"I was lost, milady.† â€Å"A dozen times?† â€Å"Finding my way is not my strong suit. If you want a navigator I’ll send for him, but hold me blameless should your melancholy triumph and you drown yourself in the brook, your gentle ladies weeping damply around your pale and lovely corpse. Let them say, ‘She was not lost in the map, confident as she was in her navigator, but lost in heart for want of a fool.'† The ladies gasped as if I’d cued them. I’d have blessed them if I were still on speaking terms with God. â€Å"Out, out, out, ladies,† Cordelia said. â€Å"Give me peace with my fool so that I might devise some punishment for him.† The ladies scurried out of the room. â€Å"Punishment?† I asked. â€Å"For what?† â€Å"I don’t know yet,† she said, â€Å"but by the time I’ve thought of the punishment, I’m sure there’ll be an offense.† â€Å"I blush at your confidence.† â€Å"And I at your humility,† said the princess. She grinned, a crescent too devious for a maid of her tender years. Cordelia is not ten years my junior (I’m not sure, exactly, of my own age), seventeen summers has she seen, and as the youngest of the king’s daughters, she’s always been treated as if fragile as spun glass. But, sweet thing that she is, her bark could frighten a mad badger. â€Å"Shall I disrobe for my punishment?† I offered. â€Å"Flagellation? Fellation? Whatever. I am your willing penitent, lady.† â€Å"No more of that, Pocket. I need your counsel, or at least your commiseration. My sisters are coming to the castle.† â€Å"Unfortunately, they have arrived.† â€Å"Oh, that’s right, Albany and Cornwall want to kill you. Bad luck, that. Anyway, they are coming to the castle, as are Gloucester and his sons. Goodness, they want to kill you as well.† â€Å"Rough critics,† said I. â€Å"Sorry. And a dozen other nobles as well as the Earl of Kent are here. Kent doesn’t want to kill you, does he?† â€Å"Not that I know of. But it is only lunchtime.† â€Å"Right. And do you know why they are all coming?† â€Å"To corner me like a rat in a barrel?† â€Å"Barrels do not have corners, Pocket.† â€Å"Does seem like a lot of bother for killing one small, if tremendously handsome fool.† â€Å"It’s not about you, you dolt! It’s about me.† â€Å"Well, even less effort to kill you. How many can it take to snap your scrawny neck? I worry that Drool will do it by accident someday. You haven’t seen him, have you?† â€Å"He stinks. I sent him away this morning.† She waved a hand furiously to return to her point. â€Å"Father is marrying me off!† â€Å"Nonsense. Who would have you?† The lady darkened a bit, then, blue eyes gone cold. Badgers across Blighty[9] shuddered. â€Å"Edgar of Gloucester has always wanted me and the Prince of France and Duke of Burgundy are already here to pay me troth.† â€Å"Troth about what?† â€Å"Troth!† â€Å"About what?† â€Å"Troth, troth, you fool, not truth. The princes are here to marry me.† â€Å"Those two? Edgar? No.† I was shaken. Cordelia? Married? Would one of them take her away? It was unjust! Unfair! Wrong! Why, she had never even seen me naked. â€Å"Why would they want to troth you? I mean, for the night, to be sure, who wouldn’t troth you cross-eyed? But permanently, I think not.† â€Å"I’m a bloody princess, Pocket.† â€Å"Precisely. What good are princesses? Dragon food and ransom markers – spoiled brats to be bartered for real estate.† â€Å"Oh no, dear fool, you forget that sometimes a princess becomes a queen.† â€Å"Ha, princesses. What worth are you if your father has to tack a dozen counties to your bum to get those French poofters to look at you?† â€Å"Oh, and what worth a fool? Nay, what worth a fool’s second, for you merely carry the drool cup for the Natural.[10] What’s the ransom for a jester, Pocket? A bucket of warm spittle.† I grabbed my chest. â€Å"Pierced to the core, I am,† I gasped. I staggered to a chair. â€Å"I bleed, I suffer, I die on the forked lance of your words.† She came to me. â€Å"You do not.† â€Å"No, stay back. Blood stains will never come out of linen – they are stubborned with your cruelty and guilt†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Pocket, stop it now.† â€Å"You have kilt me, lady, most dead.† I gasped, I spasmed, I coughed. â€Å"Let it always be said that this humble fool brought joy to all whom he met.† â€Å"No one will say that.† â€Å"Shhhh, child. I grow weak. No breath.† I looked at the imaginary blood on my hands, horrified. I slid off a chair, to the floor. â€Å"But I want you to know that despite your vicious nature and your freakishly large feet, I have always – â€Å" And then I died. Bloody fucking brilliantly, I’d say, too, hint of a shudder at the end as death’s chilly hand grabbed my knob. â€Å"What? What? You have always what?† I said nothing, being dead, and not a little exhausted from all the bleeding and gasping. Truth be told, under the jest I felt like I’d taken a bolt to the heart. â€Å"You’re absolutely no help at all,† said Cordelia. The raven landed on the wall as I made my way back to the common house in search of Drool. No little vexed was I by the news of Cordelia’s looming nuptials. â€Å"Ghost!† said the raven. â€Å"I didn’t teach you that.† â€Å"Bollocks!† replied the raven. â€Å"That’s the spirit!† â€Å"Ghost!† â€Å"Piss off, bird,† said I. Then a cold wind bit at my bum and at the top of the stairs, in the turret ahead, I saw a shimmering in the shadows, like silk in sunlight – not quite in the shape of a woman. And the ghost said: â€Å"With grave offense to daughters three, Alas, the king a fool shall be.† â€Å"Rhymes?† I inquired. â€Å"You’re looming about all diaphanous in the middle of the day, puking cryptic rhymes? Low craft and tawdry art, ghosting about at noon – a parson’s fart heralds darker doom, thou babbling wisp.† â€Å"Ghost!† cried the raven, and with that the ghost was gone. There’s always a bloody ghost. How to cite Fool Chapter 1, Essay examples

Taoism Essay Example For Students

Taoism Essay Throughout history, Taoism has been one of the most influentialreligions of Eastern culture. This is certainly one of the most uniqueof all religions. Many Taoists, in fact, do not even consider it areligion; and in many ways it is not. Taoists make no claim that theTao exists.1 That is what essentially separates Taoism from the rest ofthe world religions: there is no heated debate or battle over Taoistdoctrine; there have been no crusades to spread the religion. The veryessence of Taoism is quite the opposite. Taoisms uniqueness andopen-endedness have allowed the religion to flourish almost undisturbedand unchanged for over two thousand years. We will write a custom essay on Taoism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The founder of Taoism was a man named Lao Tzu, who lived around theyear 604 B.C.E. According to Chinese legend, Lao Tzu was an archivistin the imperial library at Lo Yang was known for his knowledge, althoughhe never taught.2 When Lao Tzu left his position at the library, hewent to the Chinese province of Chou. At the border, however, he wasstopped and forced to write down his teachings. During this time, hewrote the Tao Te Ching, the major scripture of Taoism.3After Lao Tzus death, a man named Yang Chu (440-366 B.C.E.) took uphis teachings.4 A naturalist and philosopher, Yang Chu believed highlyin self-regard and survival as the core of human nature and direction. His ideals were personal integrity and self-protection, and said that hewas unwilling to pluck one hair from his head even if all humanity wereto benefit from it.5The next influential Taoist philosopher was Chang Tzu, who lived from350-275 B.C.E. He defined existence using Lao Tzus teachings.6 Hewrote fifty-two books in response to the Tao Te Ching, thirty-three ofwhich still survive today.7 Using exaggeration and fantasy, heillustrated Lao Tzus teachings and how the Tao acted in nature. Histheories spoke of a cosmic unity which encompasses all reality andguides it naturally, without force, to its proper end.8The Yin and Yang theory became part of Taoist philosophy around 300B.C.E. when they were mentioned in the Hsi tzu, an appendix to the IChing.9 Yin and Yang are defined as the two forces in nature. They areoften called the two breaths or chi.10 Yin is the feminineprinciple, representing darkness, coolness, and dampness; Yang is themasculine principle, representing brightness, war mth, and dryness.11 Neither principle is good or bad; they are not opposites, but each isneeded to maintain stability in the universe.12 This belief holds thateverything is defined through opposition; consequently, the virtues ofbalance and understanding are highly valued.13Taoism became an official religion between 100 and 200 C.E.14 Due tocompetition from Buddhism, Taoists adopted many Buddhist beliefs. During this pivotal point in the religions history, searching forself-knowledge and wisdom were replaced by searching for solutions tosorrows and other physical problems.15 Alchemy and superstition becamehighly popular during this period of time, as Taoists tried to escapereality rather than to control the artificial and unnatural. ManyTaoists used magic and the concept of Tao to try to extend the physicallife rather than to focus on the afterlife.16 Gradually the religionbecomes more complicated, with a wide pantheon of gods and a rulinghierarchy.17The leader Chang Ling took the t itle Heavenly Teacher in 200 C.E. Hecreated a dynasty of high priests who manipulated Taoism to support asuperstitious doctrine of magic and mysticism.18 Seizing higher poweras a religious leader, he pioneered a merging of Taoism andZoroastrianism into a system called Five Bushels of Rice Taoism. Eventually this developed into a society based on Mazdaism, aZoroastrian sect, where every believer was charged five bushels ofrice.19 Although the believers followed the basic Zoroastrian worshipformat, they worshipped different gods: the Tao instead of Ahura-Mazda,and the various Chinese folk gods in place of the Persian Angels.20Three hundred years later, the philosopher Honen moved away fromMazdaism and combined Taoism with Buddhism. This simplified religion hecreated became known as the Pure Land School, or Amidaism. Gradually,however, Taoism again became tied to magic, and it failed as areligion.21 Today, only its original philosophies survive and there arevery few followers of Taoism , mostly found in Taiwan.22 AlthoughTaoisms religious practices deteriorated with advancing Westerninfluence, its philosophical aspects have outlasted those ofConfucianism and Zen Buddhism.23For centuries, Taoism has been known as the Way of Harmony.24 This isbecause Taoists believe that the Tao leads all nature toward a naturalbalance. The Tao, however, is not considered to be a deity or a ruler:it may reign but it does not rule.25 This is reflected in seven basicstatements.26 The first states that the Tao is nature. This means thatthe Tao is the way of everything, the movement of everything in nature,and all existence. The second statement is that the Tao is knowledge,meaning that the Tao is the utmost form of understanding and wisdom andthat to understand it means to understand all. The third statement saysthat the Tao is Goodness. This indicates that the Tao is the pathtoward virtue, and the highest virtue of these is conforming to theTao. The fourth statement is that the Tao is imminent. This means thatthe Tao is the source of all reality and that the Tao is inseparable. The fifth statement tells that the Tao is being, or the process ofbecoming, which characterizes reality. The sixth holds that the Tao isfelt in passiveness, not in activity. The final statement asserts thatthe Tao is individual and unique for every person. Therefore, no personcan truly know the Tao outside themselves. As the Tao Te Ching states:The ways that can be walked are not the eternal way. .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe , .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .postImageUrl , .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe , .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe:hover , .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe:visited , .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe:active { border:0!important; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe:active , .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf4b3502d7c717e76e7c281c1c421c5fe:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay About William ShakespeareThe names that can be named are not the eternal name. The nameless is the origin of the myriad creatures. The named is the mother of the myriad creatures. Therefore, Always be without desirein order to observe its wondrous subtleties; Always have desireso that you may observe its manifestations.27In essence, the universe is a pattern which cannot exist without anypart of it. Therefore, trying to alter the Tao through action isessentially trying to destroy the balance of the universe.28Taoists have a very simple definition of virtue, called Teh. For aTaoist, the only virtue is to find unity with the Tao.29 Thiscontradicts Western religious thought because Westerners believe inpeace and salvation through action. Taoists, however, believe thatunity with the Tao requires no effort but rather passive existencewithout work; by finding unity with the Tao, one can therefore findheaven. This is explained in Lao Tzus doctrine of the three treasures,those being love, balance, and humility.30 Love stems from and resultsin kindness and consideration for others. Balance can be found throughself-control and moderation. Humility results from self-este em andhappiness in ones status. The Taoist path to salvation is called Wu Wei, meaning the principleof non-action.31 The way to attain unity with the Tao involves noeffort, ambition, discipline, or education. Therefore, each person hasan equal opportunity to attain balance. It involves a surrender tonature: since every person is by definition part of the Tao, there is noneed or reason to seek it elsewhere. Furthermore, everyone has directaccess to the Tao because the Tao is connected to reality, and everyoneis a part of reality.32 In summary, there is no need to seek answersoutside of oneself. Through non-action the answer is revealed throughones own existence. Taoism is different from any other Eastern religion. According toLawrence Durrell, Taoism is such a privileged brand of easternphilosophy that one would be right to regard it as an aesthetic view ofthe universe rather than a purely institutional one.33 Thus, as Taoismis a religion of non-action, Lao Tzu and his followers discouraged thepractice of rituals. As a result, Taoism has no tangible rituals. Early Taoists, in fact, were far more concerned with everyday life thanwith celebrations or worship.34 Taoists prefer to leave the question ofGod unanswered.35Taoist rituals did flourish, however, around and during the 900s.36 During this time lavish temples were built, complex rituals werepracticed, and colorful festivals were celebrated.37 The closestlasting action in Taoism to rituals is the idea of wu-hsing.38 This isthe set of notions called the five phases (wu-hsing) or powers(wu-te): water, fire, wood, metal, and earth.39 This concept helpphilosophers build a system of corresponde nces and participations whichlink all macrocosmic and microcosmic phenomena. Thus all seasons,colors, directions, musical tones, animals, and other aspects of naturecorrespond to the five major inner organs of the human body.40 Becauseof this, many Taoists believed that the essences relating to theirrespective phases nourished the organs of the body; this supposedly ledto longevity.41Several sects of Taoism emerged during the eleventh and twelfthcenturies. Among them were: the Tai-i (Supreme Unity) sect, founded byHsiao Pao-chen in approximately 1140; the Chenta Tao (Perfect and GreatTao) sect, founded by Liu Te-jen in 1142; and the Chan-chen (PerfectRealization) sect, founded in 1163 by Wang Che.41 The Chan-chenbecame very popular, and small groups of monks from this sect surviveduntil the twentieth century.42Taoism has been affected largely by Confucianism, and vice versa. Thetwo religions grew up together and compose a Yin-Yang themselves. Confucianism works for the public welfar e, Taoism concerns theindividual.43 Confucianism emphasized sensibility and gentility, whilethe latter encouraged spontaneity.44 While the two religions arefundamentally different, they rely upon each other to create a balanceof their differences. Because of this, many people believe in andpractice both Confucianism and Taoism. Neither probably would havesurvived if the other had never existed. .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de , .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .postImageUrl , .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de , .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de:hover , .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de:visited , .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de:active { border:0!important; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de:active , .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2678f68b8d03c5a3a2b66ef8f758a5de:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Jackie robinson EssayTaoism is in itself a very difficult religion to define. Little isknown of its founder or its origins, and it has no clear doctrine ormethod of worship.45 The whole concept of Tao is extremely abstract andtherefore cannot be fully explained, only understood. The religion mayhold a completely different meaning for each personit may be a form ofphilosophy, religion, or magic.46 The religion has guided countlessindividuals through life and toward union with the Tao. As it hasinfluenced the past through its writings, Taoism may influence the worldfor generations more with its wisdom. Bibliography1.Bettencourt, Jerome: Comparative World Religions: Notes. Oxnard: Fall Semester 1994-95. 2.Durrell, Lawrence: A Smile in the Minds Eye. New York: UniverseBooks,1982. 3.Goetz, Philip (Ed.): Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th Edition, Vol. 28. Taoism. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1991. 4.Lao Tzu: Tao Te Ching. New York: Bantam Books, 1990. 5.Pastva, Loretta: Great Religions of the World. Winona, Minnesota:SaintMarys Press, 1986. 6.Smullyan, Raymond: The Tao Is Silent. San Francisco: HarperCollinsPublishers, 1977. 7.Watts, Alan: Tao: The Watercourse Way. New York: Pantheon Books,1975. Endnotes1 Alan Watts, Tao: The Watercourse Way (New York: Pantheon Books,1975), p. 5. 2 Jerome Bettencourt, Comparative World Religions: Notes (Oxnard: FallSemester 1994-95). 3 Ibid. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid. 6 Ibid. 7 Ibid. 8 Ibid. 9 Philip Goetz, Ed., Encyclopaedia Britannica 15th Edition, Vol. 28:Taoism (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 1991), p. 39910 Ibid., p. 39811 Bettencourt. 12 Goetz, p. 398. 13 Bettencourt. 14 Ibid. 15 Loretta Pastva, Great Religions of the World (Winona, Minnesota:Saint Marys Press, 1986), p. 117. 16 Ibid. 17 Bettencourt. 18 Ibid. 19 Ibid. 20 Ibid. 21 Ibid. 22 Goetz, p. 40723 Bettencourt. 24 Ibid. 25 Alan Watts, Tao: The Watercourse Way (New York: Pantheon Books,1975), p. 51. 26 Bettencourt.727 Lao Tzu, Tao Te Ching (San Francisco: HarperCollins Publishers,1977), p. 59. 28 Watts, p. 51. 29 Bettencourt. 30 Ibid. 31 Ibid. 32 Ibid. 33 Lawrence Durrell, A Smile in the Minds Eye (New York: UniverseBooks, 1982), p. 18. 34 Pastva, p. 117. 35 Durrell, p. 19. 36 Pastva, p. 117. 37 Ibid. 38 Goetz, p. 399. 39 Ibid. 40 Ibid. 41 Ibid., p. 404. 42 Ibid. 43 Pastva, p. 11544 Ibid. 45 Ibid. 46 Ibid.

The Road to Kickstarter †A Newbies Journey

The Road to Kickstarter – A Newbies Journey Kristys Quilt is a heartwarming quilt adventure based on a true story featuring 10 year old Kristy, a spunky little quilter who blossoms at the In Stitches Quilting Retreat. A picture book for ages 2-92. And Im funding it on Kickstarter. Have you been wondering what’s all the fuss about crowd funding? Well, you’re not alone. Kickstarter (KS) is a way to fund creative projects. It is NOT an easy way to get free money. I faced these questions on my road to Kickstarter, to gain a platform and funds for Kristy’s Quilt, questions (and answers) that might serve you well in your crowdfunding journey: 1.  Is my book worthy of publishing? You have to know the truth, so find a professional editor. Picture book editors with great websites were either too busy or too expensive, so I asked them to recommend emerging editors they know. I ended up with several to choose from at a reasonable price.    2.  Can I launch a KS campaign myself? The process is clear and simple. But, I found a KS manager to help create funding goals, edit my video, manage backers, updates and much more. A manager generally takes 15-30 percent of funds raised in a successful project or nothing, if the project isn’t funded. Do not choose a manager requiring payment if the goal is not met. 3.  What about contracts? I signed contracts with my KS manager and book illustrator to cover art deadlines, fee schedules and a contingency plan. No contract required for the self-publishing company; I retain all rights. 4.  How do I create a timeline? I chose a major sales event, the National Quilt Show, and worked my way back. Factor in the time for illustrations, to create backer rewards, and to print and ship. I chose a five-month timeline and launched on Valentine’s Day to make it memorable. 5.  How do I determine my funding goal? Be realistic. You need funds to fulfill backer orders, cover the costs of the project and have print books to sell. Avoid a lofty goal that can’t be backed. You can raise more than your goal, but not less, at least on Kickstarter. 6.  How do I create backer levels? Research successful picture book projects and back some to understand the process. I chose backer levels from $5, a pledge of support, up to the $500 legacy level with rewards from every previous level plus the backer’s name in the book. 7.  What if the project isn’t successful? Backers are charged nothing if the goal is not met, so you can end the project, relaunch another KS campaign at a later date, or find a way to fund the project yourself with a loan or investor. Either way, honor any contracts. A KS project is essentially a market test to determine the demand for your book. If you can’t sell it on KS then you may need to rethink your book and make it better. Be transparent in your campaign with clear updates for backers so they understand if there is any delay. A great way to learn about Kickstarter is to back a project. For as little as $5 you can support Kristy’s Quilt from February 14, 2014 to March 14, 2014. Visit www.kickstarter.com and search Kristy’s Quilt. Or simply go to: https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1295648186/a-spunky-little-quilter-blossoms-in-kristys-quilt My KS manager? Heidi Berthiaume. Look for her new book The Kickstarter Companion Answers to Questions You Didn’t Know You Had launching on KS this March.

Free sample - Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. translation missing

Women Criminals with Mental Disorders. Women Criminals with Mental DisordersExecutive summary Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. They propose that individuals are predisposed to crime by factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological positivism proposes that caused by biological inferiority. Biological crime theories also argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime include: Psychoanalytic theory which argues that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind. Freud, the proponent of this theory argues that people with unresolved social issues who are referred to as psychopaths in psychology, have absolutely no sens e of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize and therefore are likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience. Cognitive development theory as a psychological theory of crime argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality. Learning theory on the other hand argues that people learn criminal ways by associating those who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, factors such as insanity which reduces individual’s free will make the individual more likely to engage in crime. Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. Introduction Criminology is a behavioral science that focuses on the study of the nature, extend, causes as well as the control of criminal behavior. This paper discusses criminological theories and how they play in with women criminals. It focuses majorly on mental illnesses in women and how these illnesses predispose them to crime. Previous researchers have not linked such theories with criminal behavior in women and that’s why this subject is of interest to me. Research methodology To achieve the research objectives, both primary and secondary sources of information were made use of. Primary sources of data consisted of interviews carried out on professionals such as psychologists well versed with the subject. Secondary sources of information on the other hand consisted of library research targeting books and articles touching on the subject. Research findings and discussion. Sociological positivism as a school of thought proposes that people are predisposed to crime by societal factors such as low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures (Seidman, 1996). Other proponents of this school of thought have suggested that overpopulation contributes very highly to increased crime in the society (Seidman, 1996). Theories of crime apply to both males and females. Biological theories of crime causation also popularly referred to as biological positivism are theories which argue that criminals are different from non-criminals and that crime is caused by biological inferiority (Seidman, 1996). According to this theory, the innate psychological make up produces certain physical as well as genetic traits which distinguish criminals from those who are not criminals. Hormonal abnormalities have also been linked with criminal behaviors. Researchers believe that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors. L ow levels of estrogen in women reduce their sexual drives hence make them less likely to commit offences related to sex (Cohn, 2007). Proponents of Positivistic approaches argue that criminal behavior is as a result of the interaction between biology and environmental as well as social factors (Morse, 1997). They believe that biology or genes can predispose a person to criminal behaviors. What determines if the person commits the criminal behavior or not is the environmental or social conditions the person is subjected to (Marina, 1996).   Psychological theories of crime argue that human differences make some people more predisposed to committing crime than others. These individual differences in behavior are caused by differences in personal characteristics as well as biological factors and social interactions among individuals. Psychoanalytic theory of crime was proposed by Sigmund Freud (Marina, 1996). This theory proposes that all human beings have the natural drives as well as urges for committing crime which are repressed in the unconscious mind (Marina, 1996). This shows that all human beings have an inherent capacity to commit crime. Human beings however develop inner controls to suppress this urge to commit crime as they get socialized in the society. Freud suggested that, faulty identification of children with their parents causes the development of criminal behavior in them. Freud believed that individuals with unresolved as well as deep – rooted social problems are referred to as psychopaths (Mea d, 1934). Such people have absolutely no sense of quilt, no subjective conscience, no sense of right or wrong, and no ability to empathize. These people are also known as sociopaths or antisocial personalities and are more likely to engage in crime due to their compromised conscience (Mead, 1934). Cognitive development theory is a theory that argues that criminal behavior emanates from peoples’ perception of law and morality (Mead, 1934). The proponent of this school of thought is Kohlberg, a developmental psychologist (Siegel, 2003). He proposed three levels of moral development. According to him, there are basically three levels of moral reasoning with each level having two stages. The first level of moral development occurs during middle childhood. This level is called the preconventional level. At this level, children stick to moral principles in an effort to avoid punishment by remaining obedient (Morse, 1997). The second level is termed as the conventional level and it occurs at the end of middle childhood (Cohn, 2007). At this stage, individual’s moral reasoning is pegged on the expectations that their family as well as significant others have for them (Siegel, 2003). The third stage of moral development occurs during early adulthood. At this stage, moral reasoning is no longer based on social conventions. At this stage, individuals act as change agents and strive to advance the existing social laws and order (McLennan, 1980). Failure by individuals to transit successfully from one level of moral development to another leads to moral fixation, a situation whereby, individual’s moral development is arrested. Such individuals end up engaging in criminal behaviors. This is true for men as it is for women (McLennan, 1980). Learning theory on the other hand is based on behavioral psychology principles. Behavioral psychology proponents argue that behavior is learned while its maintenance is ensured by factors such as rewards and consequences (McLennan, 1980). According to this theory therefore, people learn criminal ways by associating with people who engage in the vice. Neoclassical theory of crime argues that, though human beings exercise free will, factors such as insanity may reduce an individual’s capacity to exercise the same (Cohn, 2007). Postpartum psychosis, also referred to as postpartum blues, is simply a psychological depression that occurs to a large number of mothers after delivery (Moyer, 2001). Its estimated to occur in about 50% of all mothers after giving birth. This condition has been termed by mental health experts as a leading precipitator of infanticide. This condition attacks women some few months after pregnancy and may linker for over a year (Moyer, 2001). Its characterized by: sadness, fatigue, disturbed sleeping pattern, reduced libido, loss of appetite, anxiety, episodes of crying and irritability. Hormonal changes in women is known to be the leading cause of the condition. Postpartum exhaustion is slightly different from postpartum depression and its is caused by fatigue, sleep deprivation as well as hormonal changes in the bodes of women immediately after giving birth (Moyer, 2001). Prevalence of this condition is higher in women who give birth to children with severe colic as well as other cond itions which result to abnormal sleep schedules (Moyer, 2001). Baby or maternity blues is a condition that affects about 80% of women after giving birth. Its characterized by mild and transitory moodiness, tearfulness, irritability, hypochondriasis, sleeplessness, concentration impairment, feelings of isolation, and headache. This condition leads to inconsistence of mothers with childcare (Deflem, 2006). Such mothers focus on the negative aspects of childcare leading to poor coping strategies. This worsens the mother-infant relationship and in most cases leads to infanticide (Deflem, 2006). Conclusion This paper has discussed Positivistic approaches to criminal behavior which argue that the tendency to engage in crime is as a result of the interaction between biological, environmental as well as social factors. Factors which predispose people to crime according to this theory have been discussed and they have included: low education level, poverty, and membership to certain subcultures. Biological crime theories have also been discussed. They argue that hormones such as testosterone, estrogen and progesterone determine criminal behaviors with low levels of estrogen in females being shown to reduce their sexual drives hence making them less likely to commit offences related to sex. Psychological theories of crime have included: Psychoanalytic theory, Cognitive development theory, and Learning theory. Finally, Postpartum psychosis and Postpartum exhaustion have been seen to affect the mother to the extend that she carries out infanticide. References Cheng, E. (2007). â€Å"Independent Judicial Research in the Daubert Age†. Duke Law Journal, Vol. 56, Cohn,E. (2007). â€Å" changes in Scholarly Influence in Major International Criminology Journals†. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 40, Deflem, M. (2006). Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States. New York: Elsevier Marina, A. (1996). â€Å" criminal law and women: Giving the abused woman who kills a jury of her peers who appreciate trifles†. American Criminal Law Review, Vol. 33 McLennan, G. (1980). Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory. New York: Routledge. Mead, H. (1934). Mind Self and Society. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Morse, S. (1997). â€Å"Immaturity and Irresponsibility†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 88 Moyer, L. (2001). Criminological Theories: Traditional and Nontraditional Voices and Themes. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Seidman, D. (1996). â€Å"Juror Reactions to Attorneys at Trial†. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 87 Siegel, J. (2003). Criminology, 8th ed. London: Thomson-Wadsworth.

Ismg 3000 chapter 15&16 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ismg 3000 chapter 15 - Essay Example Despite the fact that blogs have passwords to restrict data access, the passwords can still be manipulated by experts so that they are able to access the stored data. For example, when the IVK Company information system failed, the competitors of the IVK Company, took advantage of the situation and wrote in their blogs about how the IVK Company had failed to upgrade its information system security. Although IVK realized this, the company employee decided to remain silent about the issue, but instead made plans of how to be upgrading the security system regularly. IVK Company employees realized that the person who had written false information about the IVK Company was a competitor and, therefore, the employees did not confront the writer. The manager promised the employees that such a problem in the information system failure would not occur in future. The Manager of the IVK Company promised to ensure that a policy on IVK Company information system was prepared as soon as possible. T he policy would specify the kind of information that the IVK Company IT system would have to store. The IVK Company learnt a lesson because, when the information system failed, competitors utilized the information stored in the information system to spread false information about the company to the public. The manager also assured the IVK employees that the company would be purchasing the latest security systems to protect the company information. This was because; cases of hacking and attacking by virus were becoming serious and a threat to the company’s information system. The manager also revealed that the company was to use the social network such as Facebook and you tube to improve collaboration within the company (Richard 445) After the IVK Company information system collapsed, Barton and Davies, had a lot of problems trying to put the system back to normal. Not only were they to put it back, but also upgrade it so that it was secure from hackers and

JUDICIARY Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

JUDICIARY - Research Paper Example This has happened according to various incidents, where the professionals either compromise their integrity against the justice system as a result of security threats to their lives or deliberate compromise because corrupt deals. PART I Professionals working in the judiciary such as judges, court prosecutors, attorneys and friends of the courts are under obligations to ensure that they execute justice in every case through implementation, defense and upholding of the law in full view of ethical standards. This implies that they should be the ambassadors of transparency rather than being the perpetrators or the promoters of injustices in the society. The court and the entire community expect them to apply the constitution impartially and without favoring any side of the case. Social justice as covered in the Constitution of the United States discusses the application of the required ethical standards in the respect the constitution accords to human rights to life. In this, the constit ution shows equal protection to every member of the society including the recognition of the children’s rights. ... In the two scenarios and in similar incidents, there is a critical test on the ethical standards among the legal professionals working in the judiciary. The only way to uphold the constitution is by reading the relevant parts as are applicable to every case and avoiding misinterpretation. Secondly, they can consult with the attorneys of the judicial system before deciding on controversial or weighty issues. The professional working in the judiciary can make use of the principles of social justices of equality to give both the prosecution and the defense sufficient hearing and at the same time, equal chances to present evidences. The defense must also have the right to appeal in case the decision does not favor him or her. Elkana, Szigete and Lissauer (2011) argues that it is the mandate of the court system and the justice system to promote and to protect solidarity among the professionals in the judicial services as well as the civil society members (the Civil Right Revolutionists), as a way to uphold human rights within the cover of the constitution. A just society will only be just if it articulates and upholds the rights of the citizens of the country. Part II: Several theories exist to explain the reasons why people decide to commit crime. One of the theories referred to as the Strain theory holds that there is a structural constrain that arises among members of the society undergoing development and tends to hinder individual members from achieving their dreams and ambitions in life. These are the strains that push the person into unrealistic means of achieving the same goals leading to criminal acts (Gerber & Jensen, 2007). The second

Malaysian Airline vs Airasia: An Analysis

Malaysian Airline vs Airasia: An Analysis Introduction 1.1.1 The first air service route is conducted between Penang and Singapore during the colonial of British and this led to the incorporation of Malaysia Airways Limited (MAL) in year 1937 by the British government. With the emergence of Malaysia in year 1963, the airline changed its name to Malaysian-Singapore Airlines then to Malaysia Airline Limited in year 1973 and eventually to Malaysia Airlines in year 1987. 1.1.2 AirAsia was set up in 1993 and started up its business on 18 November 1996. The founder of Airasia was a government-owned conglomerate DRB-Hicom. Airasia has incurred a lot of debt and liability at that time and former Time Warner executive Tony Fernandess company Tune Air Sdn Bhd decided to purchase Airasia based on market share price at time of RM1 on 2 December 2001. Mission and objectives Malaysia Airlines vision is to become An Airline of Excellence. Its mission is to become a consistently profitable growth airline through the strategy of business transformation plan and its objective is to flying to win customers and convert the airlines IT operations to deliver fantastic internal customer experience. The mission of Airasia is to form ASEAN brand of Airline Company that is widely known around the globe and to arrive at the lowest cost so that everyone can afford to fly with AirAsia. It also aims to keep its company on track with the latest industry developments and to incorporate excellence practices into their operations that will benefit their customers. The brands or products manufactured Malaysia Airlines Domestic benefits, international benefits, annual benefit travel insurance Malaysia Airlines management team has offer three product plan options: Basic Plan, Value Plan and Premier Plan for domestic traveler, overseas traveler, and frequent traveler. Frequent flyer program Malaysia Airlines has two frequent flyer programs: Grads for Students (Grads) and Enrich. Grads is a frequent flyer program with benefits designed for students whereas Enrich is specifically designed for frequent travelers especially businessman will enable them to gain privileges of obtaining discount or free flights when travelling around the world. Airasia 1.3.2.1 AirAsia Insure Travel Protection is exclusively designed to protect and insure the respective traveler during the duration of flying with Airasia. It comprises In-Flight Plan and Comprehensive Plan. In-Flight Plan was insurance program specifically designed for one-way journey passenger. However, Comprehensive Plan was devised for two-way journey passenger. Types of products Malaysia Airlines offered products such as travel insurance, air cargo services, international and domestic flight services, classes of cabin seats, MAS magazines, MAS souvenirs and value fare packages like Get-the-Deal, and Balik Kampung. Airasia is offering products such as Airasia courier services, Airasia souvenirs, Airasia credit card, Airasia self-produced magazines and Airasia cargo delivery service. Logo and tag-lines The appearance of the corporate logo is designed to be moon kite, with a sheared swept-back look. The word MALAYSIA is italicised to lean parallel with the logo to emphasize on speed as well as direction. The letters MAS bear red clippings in the font style to symbolize the initials of the statutory name of the airline, Malaysian Airline System (MAS). The introduction of blue to the original red to the moon kite logo has national meaning. Moreover, the red and blue divide equally in the middle has a sense of equilibrium. Moreover, the tag-line emphasizes that MH is more than just an airline code; in fact MH is Malaysian Hospitality. Airasia logo is Airasia in italicized form with the characters shaded by red color background whereas its tag-line is Now Everyone can fly. The red color logo is a strong message to the world about environmental problem. Current business development Type of business Topic Sentence: Both Airasia and Malaysia Airlines engaged in trading and services industry. Supporting detail 1: Malaysia Airline is a Malaysia-based company service whereas Airasia is a Thai-based company that engaged in air transportation and their related services. Supporting detail 2: They engaged in operation such as cargo and courier service, goods retailing as well as passenger carrier. Strategies Topic Sentences: In order to be competitive in the industry, Airasia has practised cost leadership strategies whilst Malaysia Airlines(MAS) involved in business transformation plan. Supporting detail 1: Airasia tend to focus on short route to a certain destination in order2 to reduce operating cost. Supporting detail 2: Business transformation program is competitive strategy used by MAS to fight over the big threat such as intense competition, rising cost of fuel in airline industry 2.3 Investor relations Topic Sentences: Airasia and Malaysia Airlines are public listed company traded on the main board of Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange. Supporting detail 1: The stock of Airasia and Malaysia Airlines are ordinary shares offered to be transacted in primary market and secondary market. Supporting detail 2: Airasia recorded revenue of RM941 million year over year with a 26% growth while Malaysia Airline incurred an operating loss of RM 286 million in the second quarter of year 2010. Public relations Topic Sentence: Airasia launched AirasiaMegastore, an online shopping gateway for consumers while Malaysia Airlines established PINTAR visit mainly for students Supporting detail 1: Airasia Mega Store open 24 hours every day and it offers a wide variety of branded product at discounted price Supporting detail 2: MAS provide students with academic tour to Malaysia Airlines and tourist spot in Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya because they are concerned about the academic progress of students in Malaysia. 3.0 Marketing strategies. 3.1They market their product by using different strategies in order to gain competitive advantage in the markets. 3.1.1 They use market segmentation strategy to split out the market they want to serve. For example, Air Asia segments the market with different income groups and serves the low income group. However, MAS serve the high income group initially, but because of the emerging of Air Asia, it also moves into serving the low income group of customers. 3.1.2 In order to serve the market they have targeted, they positioned themselves differently to gain a different brand image in the mind of customers. Air Asia is using price or quality positioning strategy. On the other hand, MAS tend to use product class positioning at first, but it changes to a mix positioning strategy of price or quality and product class. 3.2 They compete with their competitors with 4P strategies which are commonly applied in marketing. 3.2.1 They use different price strategies that reflect their positioning strategy and price objective to compete in the market. Air Asia is using everyday low price strategy and trying to compete in Blue Ocean. However, MAS use prestige pricing strategy at first, after then which it change to mixed pricing strategies included meeting competitors pricing. 3.2.2 They use different product strategies, so that they can provide different kind of services to compete. Air Asia provides non-frills services in order to keep the cost as low as possible. While MAS provides excellent and luxury services at first, after which it also come out with low price product to compete with its competitors. 3.2.3 They use different promotion strategies to fight against their competitors promotion strategies. Both come out with a variety of special promotions to attract customers. For example, MAS come out RM 1 for ticket to compete with free seat of Air Asia and sometime the fare of MAS is even lower than Air Asia. 3.3 Advertising methods have played an important role to attract the attention and perform the function of informing, persuading and reminding the customers. 3.3.1 They are involved in different advertising channel like television, newspaper, MATTA fair, sponsorship, internet, radio and even performing social corporate responsibility to grab the public attention. 4.0 Conclusion 4.1 The unpredictable changing environment and fierce competition are challenging their company stability. 4.1.1 The increase of fuel price globally has challenged their ability to control the operating cost. Both companies performance was also seriously affected. 4.1.2The management of resources has to be managed effectively and efficiently to remain agile in the market. Air Asia has to control the punctuality index and customer services which were resulted from the behavior of over save cost. In contrast, MAS has to control its behavior of being uneconomical. 4.2 Recently, both of them have developed so well to proceed to their vision, mission and objective. 4.2.1 They have made a lot of improvement on customer services standard to please their beloved customer. Air Asia has adopted complex information system such as state-of-the-art booking system to process various booking. At the same time, MAS has also invested few hundred millions on passenger service system to shorten and provide faster services. 4.2.2 They have expanded their service world-wide in order to provide more choices to customer. Air Asia has joined VietJet airline from Vietnam, and Jestar airline from Australia to expand their routes. However, it also involves in other business, like hotel sector, online purchase and so on. MAS also expand their routes to more area, and involve in online shopping. 4.2.3 They have performed corporate social responsibility to contribute to the society. Air Asia has supported MERCY Malaysias relief mission in Padang, Indonesia whereas MAS has put effort to reduce the carbon dioxide emission to promote a greener environment. 4.3 They are continuing their effort to achieve their vision and promise to do better! 4.3.1 Both companies do not reveal any specify future plan about 2011. But by referring to previous ongoing plans, we tend to know fairly how and where these two companies will move in their future plan. MAS will continue their steps of business transformation plans 2 in this case, such as maintaining 5 stars quality of services and low cost, attracting more customers, building up the network and capacity through service providing. In the future, Air Asia will provide more low cost journey and increase the regularity of fly. It will also continuously keep the cost as low as possible and enable more people to fly! Prepared by: Betty Yong Siew Ning (0902327) Wong Chin Hong (0902068)

Effects of Methamphetamine on the Human Body What Cases Have Been Seen to Prove this and How It Leads To Addiction Essay

Effects of Methamphetamine on the Human Body What Cases Have Been Seen to Prove this and How It Leads To Addiction Introduction Part A                   What effects does the over dependency to methamphetamine cause to the human body.                   Are there any cases that have been reported to prove this and if yes which ones are they? Methamphetamine is a powerful, highly addictive stimulant that is a bitter tasting white crystalline powder devoid of smell. In street language it is popularly known                   as ice, chalk, crystal or meth with high solubility in water and alcohol making it an easy target for packaging into various forms. Methamphetamine affects the central nervous system and once it is in the body system, it creates a short but intense rush and users start experiencing a sense of increased activity, decreased appetite, and strong feelings of well being, high energy levels and sense of more power with the feeling lasting from a period of 20 minutes to 12 hours. When the effects start to where off, the user is left with a feeling of drained helplessness and depression this effects leads to the user having a high craving for the drug to maintain the state of euphoria. This craving for a sense of well being, hyper activity sense of power is what leads to addiction. Addiction to meth amphetamine has to a large extent been classified as a moral issue by the public while to medical practitioners it has also gained weight as a medical issue.                   Methamphetamine causes development of side effects which are increased activity, euphoria and decreased appetite with methamphetamine being more potent because it passes through the blood brain barrier and enters the brain cells. The effects are more long lasting making it more dangerous on the central nervous system. It has been reported to have effects lasting as long as eight hours. This inquiry will focus mostly on the scientific research that has been carried out on methamphetamine addiction, its side effects and how it causes them and any remedies. Part B                   By the end of this learning process, the following objectives should be met. Reasons that lead to use of methamphetamine should be clearly understood. The various side effects should be well outlined and possible causes explained. Mechanisms involved and leading to methamphetamine addiction should be comprehended.                   Medically methamphetamine was developed for the treatment of nasal blockages and clearance of bronchioles in the lungs. Lately it has been used in low dosages for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and also in weight loss programmes but in a controlled manner and prescriptions is usually not refilled.                   Effects of methamphetamine vary and they mostly depend on the dosage type. For small doses, the drug causes strong and quick addiction, lack of sleep, increased blood pressure, pulses and respiration with decreased reaction times. This effects leads to a desire for more and in large doses, it causes convulsions, overheating of the body, and in more severe cases stroke and even heart attacks. The side effects are grouped into the following major categories (Methamphetamine in Jefferson County, 2008 p 3). Physical effects                   The most noticeable are muscle weakness, tremors and seizures dental decay, weight loss, anorexia, coughing, dry mouth , facial aging, brain damage kidney, heart and liver damage, skin sores and infection and also increased risk of stroke. Cognitive effects:                   This effects lead to decreased ability to recognize and recall words and pictures, make inferences manipulate information, learn from experience and users have the tendency to ignore irrelevant information Psychological effects:                   These effects are classified into two depending on the duration for short term effects; users experience increased sense of euphoria, high confidence and increased alertness. The users become more talkative, they are not bored easily and have an increased sex drive.                   Increased confidence Increased alertness Increased good mood Increased. Long term effects include increased aggression, lack of sleep; they become over anxious and are confused most of the time. Meth users become moody and they develop psychotic behaviours characterized by false delusions, they become paranoid and become suicidal.                   When ingested by pregnant women, the methamphetamine dissolves in the blood stream and is able to pass through to the fetus. The effects on the unborn children are diverse and so serious since they affect the normal development of the child. The most common effects are premature child birth and low birth rates for long time users, low birth weight since the mother does not eat enough food due to poor appetite and in most severe cases brain damage. Nutritionally, the baby is disadvantaged since the mother does not care a lot apart from craving for the next fix. Mechanisms leading to methamphetamine addiction                   Addiction to methamphetamine is caused by the drug’s pharmacology mainly how it is ingested, absorbed in the body, broken in the body and excreted (Otero et al., 2006 p. 4). The pharmacology of the drug is quite a complex process which involves the peripheral and central nervous actions. The drug belongs to the group of drugs known as amphetamines with a structure closely related to that of epinephrine norepinephrine and dopamine (Kish, 2008 p. 2).                   Due to its structure which is close to that endogenous neurotransmitters the drug is classified as a sympathomimetic drug and as such it interacts with sympathetic receptors of the central nervous system. Specifically, methamphetamine interacts with pre-synaptic receptors and induces effects by competitive antagonisms.                   There are different modes of methamphetamine usage and they determine how long the effects take to kick in and also increase the chances and easiness of addiction. When ingested the effects may take up to twenty minutes to be effected while I snorting the effects set in much quicker as fast as five minutes. The two routes of usage are not so much addictive. Highest rates of addiction have been reported when the route of intake was intravenous injection and lung inhalation through smoking. These last two routes potentiate risk of addiction since the drug is absorbed more rapidly in the brain. Effect on the central nervous system                   The amphetamines potent central nervous system appear as a result of the release of biogenic amines from the nerve terminals. This enhanced release of norepinephrine results in the anorexia effect of amphetamine and together with release of dopamine it creates a feeling of euphoria. When higher levels of dopamine are released to the mesolimbic system, it results in increased levels of serotonin which is responsible for mental disturbances and the psychotic behaviours.                   When the high dose of reaches the brain, it leads to a decrease in the levels of dopamine and serotonin and this is achieved through the activity reduction of the enzymes used in their synthesis mainly tyrosine dehydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase respectively. The following table shows a list of websites that were visited for the purpose of this research Title of report Website Retrival date Medication and behavioral treatments (2004) www.psattc.org11-11-2014 Children at clandestine methamphetamine labs: Helping meth’s youngest Victims(2006) www.ojp.usdoj.gov10-11-2014 NIDA Community Drug Alert Bulletin: Methamphetamine (n.d.). www.drugabuse.gov10-11-2014 Methamphetamine – Drug Facts 2005 www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov11-11-2014 Parenting Children Who Have Been Exposed to Methamphetamine (n.d) www.orparc.org10-11-2014 The sites used for this study are from various government departments, and organizations that carry out various health and substances abuse researches. From the websites, they end with either gov. or org. meaning they are reputable websites. Hence, the information obtained from these websites is also reliable and thus they were considered for this paper. In addition, the sources have evidenced based reports where quantitative or qualitative research were used to write the reports thus making the data included in this paper very reliable and viable. Part C Data from various website sources on methamphetamine and journals published online was used to come up with this report. Table showing the various side effects for methamphetamine users Physical effects Cognitive side effects Short term psychological effects Long term psychological effects Weight loss Failure to recall pictures Increased good mood Mood disorders Kidney and heart damage Failure to learn from experience Increased alertness Lack of sleep and increased anxiousness Increased risk of stroke Decreased ability to make inferences Increased talkativeness Confusion and aggression Skin sores and infections Decreased ability to manipulate information Increased confidence Increases psychotic behaviour Tooth decay Increased sex drive Hallucinations and increased suicidal tendencies Increased transmission of HIV due to sharing injecting needles Table showing usage of methamphetamine in terms of age (a 2003 survey on methamphetamine users among college going children and non-college attending children obtained from NSDH, 2005). Ages/ grades Used at least once Used in the past year Used in the last 30 days College students 5.8% 2.6% 0.6% Young adults(19-28) 8.9% 2.7% 0.7% Table showing use of methamphetamine in USA (NSDH, 2005 n.p) Used at least once Used in the past year Used in the last 30 days 12+ YEARS 4.9% 0.6% 0.2% Table showing use of methamphetamine in school going children (NSDH, 2005 n.p) Grade Used at least once) Used in the past year Used in the last 30 days 8th 2.5% 1.5% 0.6% 10th 5.3% 3.0% 1.3% 12th 6.2% 3.4% 1.4% Part D                   Comprehensive data obtained from various government and non-governmental websites, show that methamphetamine abuse cuts across all ages and social classes with the high-risk groups being people with low self-esteem, social pressure such as weight loss to gain an athletic or modeling body, depression, and those traumatised. While continued abuse leads to addiction, amount and ingestion routes are also determinants with smoking and injection contributing greatly to addiction. Though used medically for nasal and bronchial blockages, its abuse is the main concern due to the resulting side effects and the damages it causes. Journal                   Methamphetamine side effects are as a result of it passing through the brain blood barrier into the brain cells, where its main action is to decrease extracellular monoamine neurotransmitters, especially dopamine, via interfering with their reuptake and promoting their release at the nerve endings (Fleckenstein, et al., 2007 p. 687). Dependency on methamphetamine is a serious issue with major medical, psychiatric and social economic impacts in the society (Lapworth, et al., 2009 p. 383). Withdrawal from methamphetamine also results in impaired social functioning, fatigue and aggressiveness and more craving for the drug. This menace affects most people and users should not be alienated but helped to overcome the vice by taking them to rehabilitation centres.                   While it has been used medically to solve medical conditions such as nasal and bronchial blockages, it misuse is the main problem. Methamphetamine abuse cuts across all ages and social classes with the main contributing factors being low self-esteem, peer pressure, social pressure, depressions and even people suffering from traumas. The resulting side effects vary from person to person but prolonged abuse results to both physical defects such as tooth decay, weak limbs due to poor appetite, damages of organs especially the heart, kidney and liver and also psychological effects. The psychological effects are usually aggressive behaviors which endangers their lives and of those around them and psychotic behaviors which leads them in committing suicide. 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Methamphetamine Addiction, Treatment, and Outcomes: Implications for Child Welfare Workers. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration Center for Substance Abuse Treatment Substance abuse department. 2008. National Survey of Drug Use and Health: National Findings. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. US Department of Justice. 2004. Children at Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratories. www.ojp.usdoj.gov. Source document